Obesity Is A Disease - 1410 Words

Natalie Lopez Dr. Holly Elliott ENC 1101-13186 16 December 2015 Obesity Is a Disease About one-hundred million people in America are diagnosed with obesity every year, that’s one third of our population (Carson-Dewitt, Davidson, Atkins)! Obesity should be taken seriously because, it may cause permanent damage for us in the future. Many researchers have preformed various tests to prove that obesity is a disease. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, a disease is an illness that affects a person, animal, or plant: a condition that prevents the body or mind from working normally. Obesity being, a condition characterized by the excessive accumulation and storage of fat in the body (Merriam-Webster). Once a person is diagnosed with†¦show more content†¦However, it was not until the twenty-first century that American Medical Association officially recognized obesity as a disease. Leading to the present century, obesity is a disease that is known nation wide, many doctors believe it’s on the rise to being an epidemic (Polla ck). Doctors began to preform tests to see what illnesses could be contributing factors. In particular, obesity has about seven deadly contributing factors. The number one factor is nationally known for the deadliest, which is heart disease. Heart disease is medically familiar as coronary heart disease. It is a disorder of blood vessels that constricts an artery potentially leading to a heart attack. This cannot be cured, but there is medication that can help the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart more easily. Another factor of obesity is high blood pressure. According the the American Heart Association when a person has high it is when the pressure in your arteries are too high, and this may lead to a stroke (What is High Blood Pressure?). If the stoke is experienced a person will then need to attend respiratory therapy because, breathing complications were developed. Due to increased weight lack of respiratory compliance occurs. The excessive weight on the child or adult tightens the chest making it complicated to breathe so the person is then diagnosed with asthma . Obesity also increases the chances of some cancers such as: gallbladder, kidney, breast or thyroid.

Ethical Concerns Of Stem Cell Research Essay - 1986 Words

Steven Weinberg, a famous theoretical physicist, once said, â€Å"It does not help that some politicians and journalists assume the public is interested only in those aspects of science that promise immediate practical applications to technology or medicine† (Doc, 2016, p. 1). Though this refers to many, if not all, fields of science when there are new technological advances, there is one in particular that falls under this assumption. There are two basic fields within stem cell research and the one under the most scrutiny is embryonic stem cell research. To be able to use their stem cells without killing them has not been developed yet, so many articles on ethical concerns of stem cell research are focused on this specific topic. Many areas of science are treated as unethical, but stem cell research, which is considered the worst,could single-handedly reshape the world as we know it. Description of Stem Cells Unlike the other cells that make up living organisms, stem cells are very different from the others by two distinguishing characteristics. First, they can be used to become tissue or other specific cells, mainly organs, with special functions. Second, they are generalized cells capable of restoring themselves through cell division (NIH, 2015). In some organs, including bone marrow, stem cells regularly divide to repair and replace worn out or damaged tissues. In other organs, however, such as the pancreas and the heart, stem cells only divide under special conditionsShow MoreRelatedEthical Concerns Of Stem Cell Research1759 Words   |  8 Pagesfields within stem cell research and the one under the most scrutiny is embryonic stem cell research. To be able to use their stem cells without killing them has not been developed yet, so many articles on ethical concerns of stem cell research are focused on this specific topic. Many areas of science are treated as unethical, but stem cell r esearch, which is considered the worst,could single-handedly reshape the world as we know it. Description of Stem Cells Unlike the other cells that make upRead MoreEthical Concerns Of Stem Cell Research1508 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Concerns of Stem Cell Research This day in age disease, infection, disorders and mysterious syndromes are more present now than ever. */***You forget to wash your hands after using the restroom? You just spread viruses like E.Coli and put someone s life in danger*/***. But in a world full of diseases that are seemingly becoming harsher and more resistant to conventional treatments, answers to the latest ailments are popping up in the form of miniscule pieces biological tissue called stemRead MoreA Brief Study on Stem Cell Research734 Words   |  3 PagesHuman stem cells come from a number of different places including aborted fetuses (whether that is a spontaneous or an induced abortion), stored or extra embryos retrieved from infertility treatment, embryos created for the purposes of research, cell lines that already exist, and taken from peripheral blood or bone marrow (CII Biotech Resource Centre, 2012). When getting informed consent from people whether individuals or couples regarding stem cell research ther e are a few important points thatRead MoreStem Cells And The Human Body1421 Words   |  6 Pages Stem Cells Raven Carr Governor State University Stem Cells The human body is full of hundreds of special types of cells that are essential for ones every day health. These special cells are accountable for keeping our bodies going daily for instance making our brains think, hearts beat and, restoring our skin cells as they shed off. Stem cells are the provider for the development of new cells. â€Å"Stem cells have the amazing potential to expand into many different cell types in the body during earlyRead MoreStem Cells Research The Regeneration Of Medicine. Stem1526 Words   |  7 PagesStem Cells Research the Regeneration of Medicine Stem cells research is one of the most powerful areas of medicine that is both researched and passionately argued. The web page of National Institute of Health (NIH) describes that stem cells are unspecialized cells that are capable of renewing themselves through cell division and they can also be induced to become tissue or organ-specific cells with special functions. Stem cells have the potential to develop into many different cell types in the bodyRead MoreHuman Embryonic Stem Cell Research1625 Words   |  7 PagesProduction and the Scientific and Therapeutic Use of Human Embryonic Stem Cells, the Pontifical Academy for Life presents the field of stem cell research with a statement regarding the official Roman Catholic position on the moral aspects of acquiring and using human embryonic stem cells.  They have declared that it is not morally legitimate to produce or use human embryos as a source of stem cells, nor is it acceptable to use stem cells from cell lines already estab lished. Thus, bringing up the conflictingRead MoreThe Debate Over Stem Cell Research1685 Words   |  7 PagesWhile the use of stem cells can offer a lot to the scientific community, the derivation of stem cells from embryos is ethically unacceptable; and the use of stem cells in humans should be completely prohibited. Since the first research on embryo stem cells in 1998 on mice the controversy has been relentless (Timeline), and even now, scientists have made great strides in waning off of embryonic stem cells and instead using induced pluripotent stem cells from adults, however these have their issuesRead MoreThe Ethical Theories Of Ethical Subjectivism, Utilitarianism, And Deontological Ethics1006 Words   |  5 PagesChaffee, I will explain the ethical theories of ethical subjectivism, utilitarianism, and Deontological ethics. Secondly, I will summarize the main points of my article and then act in response using the three ethical theories previously listed. I will also expla in which ethical theory best represents the article. Then, I will provide reasoning as to why stem-cell research is important; and lastly, I will offer two open-ended questions. Defined Ethical Theories All the ethical theories are going to beRead MorePros And Cons Of Stem Cell Research1003 Words   |  5 PagesFoundations Ethics Stem Cell Research Stem Cell Research Explorable.com 1.6M reads 32 Comments Printer-friendly versionSend by emailPDF version Pros And Cons in Research The debate of the pros and cons of stem cell research clearly illustrate the difficult ethics evaluations researchers sometimes must do. All scientists must consider whether the positive effects from their research are likely to be significantly higher than the negative effects. What are Stem Cells? Stem Cells are crucial to developRead More`` The Soul Of Frankenstein `` By Mary Shelley And The Endeavor For Great Scientific Discovery998 Words   |  4 Pagesunfold to the world the deepest mysteries of creation† (Shelley, 42.) As seen in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, the endeavor for great scientific discovery can yield the most unfortunate of consequences. The impacts of research and work in both the field of Robotics and Stem Cell research parallel that of the work of Victor, as he ascertains the secret of life and uses that knowledge to create life. These topics, albeit their positive intentions, have the capacity to do great harm, like that of Frankenstein’s

Chapter 19 The Servant of Lord Voldemort Free Essays

Hermione screamed. Black leapt to his feet. Harry felt as though he’d received a huge electric shock. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 19 The Servant of Lord Voldemort or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"I found this at the base of the Whomping Willow,† said Snape, throwing the cloak aside, careful to keep this wand pointing directly at Lupin’s chest. â€Å"Very useful, Potter, I thank you†¦.† Snape was slightly breathless, but his face was full of suppressed triumph. â€Å"You’re wondering, perhaps, how I knew you were here?† he said, his eyes glittering. â€Å"I’ve just been to your office, Lupin. You forgot to take your potion tonight, so I took a gobletful along. And very lucky I did†¦lucky for me, I mean. Lying on your desk was a certain map. One glance at it told me all I needed to know. I saw you running along this passageway and out of sight.† â€Å"Severus –† Lupin began, but Snape overrode him. â€Å"I’ve told the headmaster again and again that you’re helping your old friend Black into the castle, Lupin, and here’s the proof. Not even I dreamed you would have the nerve to use this old place as your hideout –â€Å" â€Å"Severus, you’re making a mistake,† said Lupin urgently. â€Å"You haven’t heard everything — I can explain — Sirius is not here to kill Harry –â€Å" â€Å"Two more for Azkaban tonight,† said Snape, his eyes now gleaming fanatically. â€Å"I shall be interested to see how Dumbledore takes this†¦He was quite convinced you were harmless, you know, Lupin†¦a tame werewolf –â€Å" â€Å"You fool,† said Lupin softly. â€Å"Is a schoolboy grudge worth putting an innocent man back inside Azkaban?† BANG! Thin, snakelike cords burst from the end of Snape’s wand and twisted themselves around Lupin’s mouth, wrists, and ankles; he overbalanced and fell to the floor, unable to move. With a roar of rage, Black started toward Snape, but Snape pointed his wand straight between Black’s eyes. â€Å"Give me a reason,† he whispered. â€Å"Give me a reason to do it, and I swear I will.† Black stopped dead. It would have been impossible to say which face showed more hatred. Harry stood there, paralyzed, not knowing what to do or whom to believe. He glanced around at Ron and Hermione. Ron looked just as confused as he did, still fighting to keep hold on the struggling Scabbers. Hermione, however, took an uncertain step toward Snape and said, in a very breathless voice, â€Å"Professor Snape — it wouldn’t hurt to hear what they’ve got to say, w-would it?† â€Å"Miss Granger, you are already facing suspension from this school,† Snape spat. â€Å"You, Potter, and Weasley are out-of-bounds, in the company of a convicted murderer and a werewolf. For once in your life, hold your tongue.† â€Å"But if — if there was a mistake –â€Å" â€Å"KEEP QUIET, YOU STUPID GIRL!† Snape shouted, looking suddenly quite deranged. â€Å"DON’T TALK ABOUT WHAT YOU DON’T UNDERSTAND!† A few sparks shot out of the end of his wand, which was still pointed at Black’s face. Hermione fell silent. â€Å"Vengeance is very sweet,† Snape breathed at Black. â€Å"How I hoped I would be the one to catch you†¦.† â€Å"The joke’s on you again, Severus,† Black snarled. â€Å"As long as this boy brings his rat up to the castle† — he jerked his head at Ron — â€Å"I’ll come quietly†¦.† â€Å"Up to the castle?† said Snape silkily. â€Å"I don’t think we need to go that far. All I have to do is call the Dementors once we get out of the Willow. They’ll be very pleased to see you, Black†¦pleased enough to give you a little kiss, I daresay†¦I –â€Å" What little color there was in Black’s face left it. â€Å"You -you’ve got to hear me out,† he croaked. â€Å"The rat — look at the rat –â€Å" But there was a mad glint in Snape’s eyes that Harry had never seen before. He seemed beyond reason. â€Å"Come on, all of you,† he said. He clicked his fingers, and the ends of the cords that bound Lupin flew to his hands. â€Å"I’ll drag the werewolf. Perhaps the Dementors will have a kiss for him too –â€Å" Before he knew what he was doing, Harry had crossed the room in three strides and blocked the door. â€Å"Get out of the way, Potter, you’re in enough trouble already,† snarled Snape. â€Å"If I hadn’t been here to save your skin –â€Å" â€Å"Professor Lupin could have killed me about a hundred times this year,† Harry said. â€Å"I’ve been alone with him loads of times, having defense lessons against the Dementors. If he was helping Black, why didn’t he just finish me off then?† â€Å"Don’t ask me to fathom the way a werewolf’s mind works,† hissed Snape. â€Å"Get out of the way, Potter.† â€Å"YOU’RE PATHETIC!† Harry yelled. â€Å"JUST BECAUSE THEY MADE A FOOL OF YOU AT SCHOOL YOU WON’T EVEN LISTEN –â€Å" â€Å"SILENCE! I WILL NOT BE SPOKEN TO LIKE THAT!† Snape shrieked, looking madder than ever. â€Å"Like father, like son, Potter! I have just saved your neck; you should be thanking me on bended knee! You would have been well served if he’d killed you! You’d have died like your father, too arrogant to believe you might be mistaken in Black — now get out of the way, or I will make you. GET OUT OF THE WAY, POTTER!† Harry made up his mind in a split second. Before Snape could take even one step toward him, he had raised his wand. â€Å"Expelliarmus!† he yelled — except that his wasn’t the only voice that shouted. There was a blast that made the door rattle on its hinges; Snape was lifted off his feet and slammed into the wall, then slid down it to the floor, a trickle of blood oozing from under his hair. He had been knocked out. Harry looked around. Both Ron and Hermione had tried to disarm Snape at exactly the same moment. Snape’s wand soared in a high arc and landed on the bed next to Crookshanks. â€Å"You shouldn’t have done that,† said Black, looking at Harry. â€Å"You should have left him to me†¦.† Harry avoided Black’s eyes. He wasn’t sure, even now, that he’d done the right thing. â€Å"We attacked a teacher†¦We attacked a teacher†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Hermione whimpered, staring at the lifeless Snape with frightened eyes. â€Å"Oh, we’re going to be in so much trouble –â€Å" Lupin was struggling against his bonds. Black bent down quickly and untied him. Lupin straightened up, rubbing his arms where the ropes had cut into them. â€Å"Thank you, Harry,† he said. â€Å"I’m still not saying I believe you,† he told Lupin. â€Å"Then it’s time we offered you some proof,† said Lupin. â€Å"You, boy — give me Peter, please. Now.† Ron clutched Scabbers closer to his chest. â€Å"Come off it,† he said weakly. â€Å"Are you trying to say he broke out of Azkaban just to get his hands on Scabbers? I mean†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He looked up at Harry and Hermione for support, â€Å"Okay, say Pettigrew could turn into a rat — there are millions of rats — how’s he supposed to know which one he is after if he was locked up in Azkaban?† â€Å"You know, Sirius, that’s a fair question,† said Lupin, turning to Black and frowning slightly. â€Å"How did you find out where he was?† Black put one of his claw-like hands inside his robes and took out a crumpled piece of paper, which he smoothed flat and held out to show the others. It was the photograph of Ron and his family that had appeared in the Daily Prophet the previous summer, and there, on Ron’s shoulder, was Scabbers. â€Å"How did you get this?† Lupin asked Black, thunderstruck. â€Å"Fudge,† said Black. â€Å"When he came to inspect Azkaban last year, he gave me his paper. And there was Peter, on the front page on this boy’s shoulder†¦I knew him at once†¦how many times had I seen him transform? And the caption said the boy would be going back to Hogwarts†¦to where Harry was†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"My God,† said Lupin softly, staring from Scabbers to the picture in the paper and back again. â€Å"His front paw†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"What about it?† said Ron defiantly. â€Å"He’s got a toe missing,† said Black. â€Å"Of course,† Lupin breathed. â€Å"So simple†¦so brilliant†¦he cut it off himself?† â€Å"Just before he transformed,† said Black. â€Å"When I cornered him, he yelled for the whole street to hear that I’d betrayed Lily and James. Then, before I could curse him, he blew apart the street with the wand behind his back, killed everyone within twenty feet of himself — and sped down into the sewer with the other rats†¦.† â€Å"Didn’t you ever hear, Ron?† said Lupin. â€Å"The biggest bit of Peter they found was his finger.† â€Å"Look, Scabbers probably had a fight with another rat or something! He’s been in my family for ages, right –â€Å" â€Å"Twelve years, in fact,† said Lupin. â€Å"Didn’t you ever wonder why he was living so long?† â€Å"We — we’ve been taking good care of him!† said Ron. â€Å"Not looking too good at the moment, though, is he?† said Lupin. â€Å"I’d guess he’s been losing weight ever since he heard Sirius was on the loose again†¦.† â€Å"He’s been scared of that mad cat!† said Ron, nodding toward Crookshanks, who was still purring on the bed. But that wasn’t right, Harry thought suddenly†¦Scabbers had been looking ill before he met Crookshanks†¦ ever since Ron’s return from Egypt†¦since the time when Black had escaped†¦. â€Å"This cat isn’t mad,† said Black hoarsely. He reached out a bony hand and stroked Crookshanks’s fluffy head. â€Å"He’s the most intelligent of his kind I’ve ever met. He recognized Peter for what he was right away. And when he met me, he knew I was no dog. It was a while before he trusted me†¦Finally, I managed to communicate to him what I was after, and he’s been helping me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"What do you mean?† breathed Hermione. â€Å"He tried to bring Peter to me, but couldn’t†¦so he stole the passwords into Gryffindor Tower for me†¦As I understand it, he took them from a boy’s bedside table†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Harry’s brain seemed to be sagging under the weight of what he was hearing. It was absurd†¦and yet†¦ â€Å"But Peter got wind of what was going on and ran for it.† croaked Black. â€Å"This cat — Crookshanks, did you call him? — told me Peter had left blood on the sheets†¦I supposed he bit himself†¦Well, faking his own death had worked once.† These words jolted Harry to his senses. â€Å"And why did he fake his death?† he said furiously. â€Å"Because he knew you were about to kill him like you killed my parents!† â€Å"No,† said Lupin, â€Å"Harry–â€Å" â€Å"And now you’ve come to finish him off!† â€Å"Yes, I have,† said Black, with an evil look at Scabbers. â€Å"Then I should’ve let Snape take you!† Harry shouted. â€Å"Harry,† said Lupin hurriedly, â€Å"don’t you see? All this time we’ve thought Sirius betrayed your parents, and Peter tracked him down — but it was the other way around, don’t you see? Peter betrayed your mother and father — Sirius tracked Peter down –â€Å" â€Å"THAT’S NOT TRUE!† Harry yelled. â€Å"HE WAS THEIR SECRET-KEEPER! HE SAID SO BEFORE YOU TURNED UP. HE SAID HE KILLED THEM!† He was pointing at Black, who shook his head slowly; the sunken eyes were suddenly over bright. â€Å"Harry†¦I as good as killed them,† he croaked. â€Å"I persuaded Lily and James to change to Peter at the last moment, persuaded them to use him as Secret-Keeper instead of me†¦I’m to blame, I know it†¦The night they died, I’d arranged to check on Peter, make sure he was still safe, but when I arrived at his hiding place, he’d gone. Yet there was no sign of a struggle. It didn’t feel right. I was scared. I set out for your parents’ house straight away. And when I saw their house, destroyed, and their bodies†¦I realized what Peter must’ve done†¦what I’d done†¦.† His voice broke. He turned away. â€Å"Enough of this,† said Lupin, and there was a steely note in his voice Harry had never heard before. â€Å"There’s one certain way to prove what really happened. Ron, give me that rat.† â€Å"What are you going to do with him if I give him to you?† Ron asked Lupin tensely. â€Å"Force him to show himself,† said Lupin. â€Å"If he really is a rat, it won’t hurt him.† Ron hesitated. Then at long last, he held out Scabbers and Lupin took him. Scabbers began to squeak without stopping, twisting and turning, his tiny black eyes bulging in his head. â€Å"Ready, Sirius?† said Lupin. Black had already retrieved Snape’s wand from the bed. He approached Lupin and the struggling rat, and his wet eyes suddenly seemed to be burning in his face. â€Å"Together?† he said quietly. â€Å"I think so†, said Lupin, holding Scabbers tightly in one hand and his wand in the other. â€Å"On the count of three. One — two — THREE!† A flash of blue-white light erupted from both wands; for a moment, Scabbers was frozen in midair, his small gray form twisting madly — Ron yelled — the rat fell and hit the floor. There was another blinding flash of light and then — It was like watching a speeded-up film of a growing tree. A head was shooting upward from the ground; limbs were sprouting; a moment later, a man was standing where Scabbers had been, cringing and wringing his hands. Crookshanks was spitting and snarling on the bed; the hair on his back was standing up. He was a very short man, hardly taller than Harry and Hermione. His thin, colorless hair was unkempt and there was a large bald patch on top. He had the shrunken appearance of a plump man who has lost a lot of weight in a short time. His skin looked grubby, almost like Scabbers’s fur, and something of the rat lingered around his pointed nose and his very small, watery eyes. He looked around at them all, his breathing fast and shallow. Harry saw his eyes dart to the door and back again. â€Å"Well, hello, Peter,† said Lupin pleasantly, as though rats frequently erupted into old school friends around him. â€Å"Long time, no see.† â€Å"S–Sirius†¦R–Remus†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Even Pettigrew’s voice was squeaky. Again, his eyes darted toward the door. â€Å"My friends†¦my old friends†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Black’s wand arm rose, but Lupin seized him around the wrist, gave him a warning took, then turned again to Pettigrew, his voice light and casual. â€Å"We’ve been having a little chat, Peter, about what happened the night Lily and James died. You might have missed the finer points while you were squeaking around down there on the bed –â€Å" â€Å"Remus,† gasped Pettigrew, and Harry could see beads of sweat breaking out over his pasty face, â€Å"you don’t believe him, do you†¦? He tried to kill me, Remus†¦.† â€Å"So we’ve heard,† said Lupin, more coldly. â€Å"I’d like to clear up one or two little matters with you, Peter, if you’ll be so –â€Å" â€Å"He’s come to try and kill me again!† Pettigrew squeaked suddenly, pointing at Black, and Harry saw that he used his middle finger, because his index was missing. â€Å"He killed Lily and James and now he’s going to kill me too†¦You’ve got to help me, Remus†¦.† Black’s face looked more skull-like than ever as he stared at Pettigrew with his fathomless eyes. â€Å"No one’s going to try and kill you until we’ve sorted a few things out,† said Lupin. â€Å"Sorted things out?† squealed Pettigrew, looking wildly about him once more, eyes taking in the boarded windows and, again, the only door. â€Å"I knew he’d come after me! I knew he’d be back for me! I’ve been waiting for this for twelve years!† â€Å"You knew Sirius was going to break out of Azkaban?† said Lupin, his brow furrowed. â€Å"When nobody has ever done it before?† â€Å"He’s got dark powers the rest of us can only dream of!† Pettigrew shouted shrilly. â€Å"How else did he get out of there? I suppose He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named taught him a few tricks!† Black started to laugh, a horrible, mirthless laugh that filled the whole room. â€Å"Voldemort, teach me tricks?† he said. Pettigrew flinched as though Black had brandished a whip at him. â€Å"What, scared to hear your old master’s name?† said Black. â€Å"I don’t blame you, Peter. His lot aren’t very happy with you, are they?† â€Å"Don’t know what you mean, Sirius –† muttered Pettigrew, his breathing faster than ever. His whole face was shining with sweat now. â€Å"You haven’t been hiding from me for twelve years,† said Black. â€Å"You’ve been hiding from Voldemort’s old supporters. I heard things in Azkaban, Peter†¦They all think you’re dead, or you’d have to answer to them†¦I’ve heard them screaming all sorts of things in their sleep. Sounds like they think the double-crosser double-crossed them. Voldemort went to the Potters’ on your information†¦and Voldemort met his downfall there. And not all Voldemort’s supporters ended up in Azkaban, did they? There are still plenty out here, biding their time, pretending they’ve seen the error of their ways. If they ever got wind that you were still alive, Peter –â€Å" â€Å"Don’t know†¦what you’re talking about†¦Ã¢â‚¬  said Pettigrew again, more shrilly than ever. He wiped his face on his sleeve and looked up at Lupin. â€Å"You don’t believe this — this madness, Remus –â€Å" â€Å"I must admit, Peter, I have difficulty in understanding why an innocent man would want to spend twelve years as a rat,† said Lupin evenly. â€Å"Innocent, but scared!† squealed Pettigrew. â€Å"If Voldemort’s supporters were after me, it was because I put one of their best men in Azkaban — the spy, Sirius Black!† Black’s face contorted. â€Å"How dare you,† he growled, sounding suddenly like the bearsized dog he had been. â€Å"I, a spy for Voldemort? When did I ever sneak around people who were stronger and more powerful than myself? But you, Peter — I’ll never understand why I didn’t see you were the spy from the start. You always liked big friends who’d look after you, didn’t you? It used to be us†¦me and Remus†¦and James†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Pettigrew wiped his face again; he was almost panting for breath. â€Å"Me, a spy†¦must be out of your mind†¦never†¦don’t know how you can say such a –â€Å" â€Å"Lily and James only made you Secret-Keeper because I suggested it,† Black hissed, so venomously that Pettigrew took a step backward. â€Å"I thought it was the perfect plan†¦a bluff†¦Voldemort would be sure to come after me, would never dream they’d use a weak, talentless thing like you†¦It must have been the finest moment of your miserable life, telling Voldemort you could hand him the Potters.† Pettigrew was muttering distractedly; Harry caught words like â€Å"far-fetched† and â€Å"lunacy,† but he couldn’t help paying more attention to the ashen color of Pettigrew’s face and the way his eyes continued to dart toward the windows and door. â€Å"Professor Lupin?† said Hermione timidly. â€Å"Can — can I say something?† â€Å"Certainly, Hermione,† said Lupin courteously. â€Å"Well — Scabbers — I mean, this — this man — he’s been sleeping in Harry’s dormitory for three years. If he’s working for You-Know-Who, how come he never tried to hurt Harry before now?† â€Å"There!† said Pettigrew shrilly, pointing at Ron with his maimed hand. â€Å"Thank you! You see, Remus? I have never hurt a hair of Harry’s head! Why should I?† â€Å"I’ll tell you why,† said Black. â€Å"Because you never did anything for anyone unless you could see what was in it for you. Voldemort’s been in hiding for fifteen years, they say he’s half dead. You weren’t about to commit murder right under Albus Dumbledore’s nose, for a wreck of a wizard who’d lost all of his power, were you? You’d want to be quite sure he was the biggest bully in the playground before you went back to him, wouldn’t you? Why else did you find a wizard family to take you in? Keeping an ear out for news, weren’t you, Peter? Just in case your old protector regained strength, and it was safe to rejoin him†¦.† Pettigrew opened his mouth and closed it several times. He seemed to have lost the ability to talk. â€Å"Er — Mr. Black — Sirius?† said Hermione. Black jumped at being addressed like this and stared at Hermione as though he had never seen anything quite like her. â€Å"If you don’t mind me asking, how — how did you get out of Azkaban, if you didn’t use Dark Magic?† â€Å"Thank you!† gasped Pettigrew, nodding frantically at her. â€Å"Exactly! Precisely what I –â€Å" But Lupin silenced him with a look. Black was frowning slightly at Hermione, but not as though he were annoyed with her. He seemed to be pondering his answer. â€Å"I don’t know how I did it,† he said slowly. â€Å"I think the only reason I never lost my mind is that I knew I was innocent. That wasn’t a happy thought, so the Dementors couldn’t suck it out of me†¦but it kept me sane and knowing who I am†¦helped me keep my powers†¦so when it all became†¦too much†¦I could transform in my cell†¦become a dog. Dementors can’t see, you know†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He swallowed. â€Å"They feel their way toward people by feeding off their emotions†¦They could tell that my feelings were less — less human, less complex when I was a dog†¦but they thought, of course, that I was losing my mind like everyone else in there, so it didn’t trouble them. But I was weak, very weak, and I had no hope of driving them away from me without a wand†¦.† â€Å"But then I saw Peter in that picture†¦I realized he was at Hogwarts with Harry†¦perfectly positioned to act, if one hint reached his ears that the Dark Side was gathering strength again†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Pettigrew was shaking his head, mouthing noiselessly, but staring all the while at Black as though hypnotized. â€Å"†¦ready to strike at the moment he could be sure of allies†¦and to deliver the last Potter to them. if he gave them Harry, who’d dare say he’d betrayed Lord Voldemort? He’d be welcomed back with honors†¦.† â€Å"So you see, I had to do something. I was the only one who knew Peter was still alive†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Harry remembered what Mr. Weasley had told Mrs. Wealsey. ‘The guards say he’s been talking in his sleep†¦ always the same words†¦ ‘He’s at Hogwarts.† â€Å"It was as if someone had lit a fire In my head, and the Dementors couldn’t destroy it†¦It wasn’t a happy feeling†¦it was an obsession†¦but it gave me strength, it cleared my mind. So, one night when they opened my door to bring food, I slipped past them as a dog†¦It’s so much harder for them to sense animal emotions that they were confused†¦I was thin, very thin†¦thin enough to slip through the bars†¦I swam as a dog back to the mainland †¦I journeyed north and slipped into the Hogwarts grounds as a dog. I’ve been living in the forest ever since, except when I came to watch the Quidditch, of course. You fly as well as your father did, Harry†¦.† He looked at Harry, who did not look away. â€Å"Believe me,† croaked Black. â€Å"Believe me, Harry. I never betrayed James and Lily. I would have died before I betrayed them.† And at long last, Harry believed him. Throat too tight to speak, he nodded. â€Å"No!† Pettigrew had fallen to his knees as though Harry’s nod had been his own death sentence. He shuffled forward on his knees, groveling, his hands clasped in front of him as though praying. â€Å"Sirius — it’s me†¦it’s Peter†¦your friend†¦you wouldn’t –â€Å" Black kicked out and Pettigrew recoiled. â€Å"There’s enough filth on my robes without you touching them,† said Black. â€Å"Remus!† Pettigrew squeaked, turning to Lupin instead, writhing imploringly in front of him. â€Å"You don’t believe this — wouldn’t Sirius have told you they’d changed the plan?† â€Å"Not if he thought I was the spy, Peter,† said Lupin. â€Å"I assume that’s why you didn’t tell me, Sirius?† he said casually over Pettigrew’s head. â€Å"Forgive me, Remus,† said Black. â€Å"Not at all, Padfoot, old friend,† said Lupin, who was now rolling up his sleeves. â€Å"And will you, in turn, forgive me for believing you were the spy?† â€Å"Of course,† said Black, and the ghost of a grin flitted across his gaunt face. He, too, began rolling up his sleeves. â€Å"Shall we kill him together?† â€Å"Yes, I think so,† said Lupin grimly. â€Å"You wouldn’t†¦you won’t†¦Ã¢â‚¬  gasped Pettigrew. And he scrambled around to Ron. â€Å"Ron†¦haven’t I been a good friend†¦a good pet? You won’t let them kill me, Ron, will you†¦you’re on my side, aren’t you?† But Ron was staring at Pettigrew with the utmost revulsion. â€Å"I let you sleep in my bed!† he said. â€Å"Kind boy†¦kind master†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Pettigrew crawled toward Ron â€Å"You won’t let them do it†¦I was your rat†¦I was a good pet†¦.† â€Å"If you made a better rat than a human, it’s not much to boast about, Peter,† said Black harshly. Ron, going still paler with pain, wrenched his broken leg out of Pettigrew’s reach. Pettigrew turned on his knees, staggered forward, and seized the hem of Hermione’s robes. â€Å"Sweet girl†¦clever girl†¦you — you won’t let them†¦Help me†¦.† Hermione pulled her robes out of Pettigrew’s clutching hands and backed away against the wall, looking horrified. Pettigrew knelt, trembling uncontrollably, and turned his head slowly toward Harry. â€Å"Harry†¦Harry†¦you look just like your father†¦just like him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"HOW DARE YOU SPEAK TO HARRY?† roared Black. â€Å"HOW DARE YOU FACE HIM? HOW DARE YOU TALK ABOUT JAMES IN FRONT OF HIM?† â€Å"Harry,† whispered Pettigrew, shuffling toward him, hands outstretched. â€Å"Harry, James wouldn’t have wanted me killed†¦James would have understood, Harry†¦he would have shown me mercy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Both Black and Lupin strode forward, seized Pettigrew’s shoulders, and threw him backward onto the floor. He sat there, twitching with terror, staring up at them. â€Å"You sold Lily and James to Voldemort,† said Black, who was shaking too. â€Å"Do you deny it?† Pettigrew burst into tears. It was horrible to watch, like an oversized, balding baby, cowering on the floor. â€Å"Sirius, Sirius, what could I have done? The Dark Lord†¦you have no idea†¦he has weapons you can’t imagine †¦I was scared, Sirius, I was never brave like you and Remus and James. I never meant it to happen†¦He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named forced me –â€Å" â€Å"DON’T LIE!† bellowed Black. â€Å"YOU’D BEEN PASSING INFORMATION TO HIM FOR A YEAR BEFORE LILY AND JAMES DIED! YOU WERE HIS SPY!† â€Å"He — he was taking over everywhere!† gasped Pettigrew. â€Å"Wh-what was there to be gained by refusing him?† â€Å"What was there to be gained by fighting the most evil wizard who has ever existed?† said Black, with a terrible fury in his face. â€Å"Only innocent lives, Peter!† â€Å"You don’t understand!† whined Pettigrew. â€Å"He would have killed me, Sirius!† â€Å"THEN YOU SHOULD HAVE DIED!† roared Black. â€Å"DIED RATHER THAN BETRAY YOUR FRIENDS, AS WE WOULD HAVE DONE FOR YOU!† Black and Lupin stood shoulder to shoulder, wands raised. â€Å"You should have realized,† said Lupin quietly, â€Å"if Voldemort didn’t kill you, we would. Good-bye, Peter.† Hermione covered her face with her hands and turned to the wall. â€Å"NO!† Harry yelled. He ran forward, placing himself in front Pettigrew, facing the wands. â€Å"You can’t kill him,† he said breathlessly. â€Å"You can’t.† Black and Lupin both looked staggered. â€Å"Harry, this piece of vermin is the reason you have no parents,† Black snarled. â€Å"This cringing bit of filth would have seen you die too, without turning a hair. You heard him. His own stinking skin meant more to him than your whole family.† â€Å"I know,† Harry panted. â€Å"We’ll take him up to the castle. We’ll hand him over to the Dementors†¦He can go to Azkaban†¦but don’t kill him.† â€Å"Harry!† gasped Pettigrew, and he flung his arms around Harry’s knees. â€Å"You — thank you — it’s more than I deserve — thank you –â€Å" â€Å"Get off me,† Harry spat, throwing Pettigrew’s hands off him in disgust. â€Å"I’m not doing this for you. I’m doing it because — I don’t reckon my dad would’ve wanted them to become killers — just for you.† No one moved or made a sound except Pettigrew, whose breath was coming in wheezes as he clutched his chest. Black and Lupin were looking at each other. Then, with one movement, they lowered their wands. â€Å"You’re the only person who has the right to decide, Harry,† said Black. â€Å"But think†¦ think what he did†¦.† â€Å"He can go to Azkaban,† Harry repeated. â€Å"If anyone deserves that place, he does†¦.† Pettigrew was still wheezing behind him. â€Å"Very well,† said Lupin. â€Å"Stand aside, Harry.† Harry hesitated. â€Å"I’m going to tie him up,† said Lupin. â€Å"That’s all, I swear.† Harry stepped out of the way. Thin cords shot from Lupin’s wand this time, and next moment, Pettigrew was wriggling on the floor, bound and gagged. â€Å"But if you transform, Peter,† growled Black, his own wand pointing at Pettigrew too, â€Å"we will kill you. You agree, Harry?† Harry looked down at the pitiful figure on the floor and nodded so that Pettigrew could see him. â€Å"Right,† said Lupin, suddenly businesslike. â€Å"Ron, I can’t mend bones nearly as well as Madam Pomfrey, so I think it’s best if we just strap your leg up until we can get you to the hospital wing.† He hurried over to Ron, bent down, tapped Ron’s leg with his wand, and muttered, â€Å"Ferula.† Bandages spun up Ron’s leg, strapping it tightly to a splint. Lupin helped him to his feet; Ron put his weight gingerly on the leg and didn’t wince. â€Å"That’s better,† he said. â€Å"Thanks.† â€Å"What about Professor Snape?† said Hermione in a small voice, looking down at Snape’s prone figure. â€Å"There’s nothing seriously wrong with him,† said Lupin, bending over Snape and checking his pulse. â€Å"You were just a little — overenthusiastic. Still out cold. Er — perhaps it will be best if we don’t revive him until we’re safety back in the castle. We can take him like this†¦.† He muttered, â€Å"Mobilicorpus.† As though invisible strings were tied to Snape’s wrists, neck, and knees, he was pulled into a standing position, head still lolling unpleasantly, like a grotesque puppet. He hung a few inches above the ground, his limp feet dangling. Lupin picked up the Invisibility Cloak and tucked it safely into his pocket. â€Å"And two of us should be chained to this,† said Black, nudging Pettigrew with his toe. â€Å"Just to make sure.† â€Å"I’ll do it,† said Lupin. â€Å"And me,† said Ron savagely, limping forward. Black conjured heavy manacles from thin air; soon Pettigrew was upright again, left arm chained to Lupin’s right, right arm to Ron’s left. Ron’s face was set. He seemed to have taken Scabbers’s true identity as a personal insult. Crookshanks leapt lightly off the bed and led the way out of the room, his bottlebrush tail held jauntily high. How to cite Chapter 19 The Servant of Lord Voldemort, Essay examples

Contrast Colonial New England with Chesapeake free essay sample

Contrast Colonial New England with Chesapeake. Include description of their economics, religious practices, labor sources, government and familiar patterns. Were these differences caused more by topographical factors or immigration patterns? Upon evaluating the New England colonies versus the Chesapeake bay colonies, it is important to outline their similarities and differences in order to assess why one flourished more successfully than the other and the root of this occurrence. Although Plymouth New England possessed slightly better chances due to its colonization in 1620, as opposed to the Jamestown Chesapeake colony in 1607, they both weathered their fair share of issues due to their location, time of colonization, religion, environmental changes, etc. The assessment of these changes can lead one to the answer of why they developed the way that they did and why they had such lifestyle differences. First and foremost, it is important to understand that the 13 year time gap in the colonization of Plymouth New England and Jamestown Chesapeake made a significant difference in how the two developed as colonies. We will write a custom essay sample on Contrast Colonial New England with Chesapeake or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is always harder for the first colonies to settle rather than the middle or last colonies because the latter colonies can learn to adapt more easily to their new surroundings. Their location played a large part in how they developed because the weather and the environment changes how people live. While the New England colony was facing the harshest winters, the Chesapeake colony was thriving through the mildest winters without much difficulty. However, Chesapeake colony lived in more fear of the native indigenous population as opposed to the New England colony which did not have to focus as much on it. The weather and the location changed everything for the New England colony and the Chesapeake colony, as it decided what they wore, what they grew, their family patterns, labor choices, and etc. When the New England colony began to develop in its working environment, it recognized its environment with the harsh winters and seaside convenience. It innovatively began to develop its trade in the area of fishing, shipbuilding, farming, and artisanship. Much of the work was derived from the areas of fishing and shipbuilding due to it being very close to the ocean. It thrived this way because of its location. The Puritan religious practice was influenced by the religion that the colonists took from the old world, which is due to the location they came from. The government in New England was much more developed there than in Chesapeake because of the influential people that lived and worked there. It was a tight government with a direct influence from democratic rule. They had large families because of the thriving economy in New England, and therefore also had a longer life expectancy. Children were used for labor because they lived long enough and had the ability to do the work. In Chesapeake, it was a different situation. Tobacco was a dominant crop there because the area provided a perfect environment to grow it. It would not have been successful in New England due to the harsh winter cold. Rice also grew well there because of the weather, and plantation with slavery began to pop up everywhere. The economy was rich but did not possess as much class as New England. The religion of that colony reflected what they practices in their old land. They had representative democracy because most of the politics were taking place in New England, the dominating region for political power at the time. They were further from democracy than New England because of their geographical location. The environment provided the colonies with blended families and a lower life expectancy. The slaves were not living long, there were raids by the native people, and disease was more common there than in New England. This led to a high death rate. The slaves were employed in the working population, whereas children were the main source of labor in New England. Overall, the differences in the two colonies can be attributed almost completely to topographical location and factors, rather than immigration time or pattern. This statement can be made because the environment and place that they both inhabited caused a ripple effect on the lifestyle they lived. Although they thrived using different avenues of success, stark differences can be seen in their economics, religious practices, labor sources, government, and family patterns, which is due partly from where they came from but mostly from where they colonized.

The article is about how doctors also billers can Essays

The article is about how doctor's also billers can submit clean claims, along with correct doctor's information, such as, NPI number. When supplying the wrong NPI the claim will be kicked back and be unpaid. On the CMS-1500 some people will put information in the wrong slot which would allow the claim to be denied and kicked back also. In the article the reimbursement commit came up with modifiers. In which a CPT code along with clinical are provided so that the procedure can get approved with accuracy. The article also stated how lost claims are less controllable. However, since more doctors moved from paper claims to electronic claims it is easier to track a lost claim. Paper claims sometimes got lost in the mail and electronic claims sometimes got lost in cyberspace but noted in the article it very seldom get lost as an electronic claim. The ACA is a coding and compliance manual that cost about $50 for member and $80 for non-member which helps/teachers providers and they staff how to submit clean claims. They also emails to provider and their staff to keep them updated on the coding and claim processing. I think that this resource was a good ideas and hopefully has alleviated the problem of providers not getting paid on time.

Do you give yourself a break

Do you give yourself a break Pressure! When you are job seeking, or running a business, or possibly both, you might put a lot of pressure on yourself to keep working; take the next action step; schedule your life better; stop procrastinating; or some combination of all these things. Achieving results does require action, and there are 24 hours in a day last I checked, so it is valuable to get things done reliably and frequently. But continuously? No matter how much we might like to think we can keep going and keep doing, sometimes we just need a break. The Release Valve Where I often go for down time is Viroqua, Wisconsin, a town in the country about 100 miles from my home in the city of Madison. A little artistic oasis surrounded by farm country, Viroqua boasts a food coop and holistic healing center. I go there because, for just a couple of days, I achieve a sense of timelessness. One activity guaranteed to produce that timeless space is picking berries. I get up early and walk to the raspberry patch and there is nothing but me and the colors of ripe and ripening fruit. One berry at a time, one prickle at a time, I zone out until my collection container is full. While picking, I don’t know whether minutes or hours go by. I am present. I am happy. Achieving Timelessness It’s not always berries that get me to that state. This trip I reached a similar state by spending time with a three-year-old. But picking fruits and veggies reliably transports me into timelessness. Sometimes I engage with the aliveness of apples, snap peas, or clover flowers. I am fortunate to know several families in the area, all of whom grow edibles and have wild berries on their land. I also have a small garden myself, complete with one lone blueberry bush, several fully grown broccoli heads and a burgeoning zucchini plant- but it’s not quite the same as a garden in the country. This latest trip to Viroqua was the start of my â€Å"birthday week† and it was as perfect as it gets. Topping it off, as mentioned above, was the opportunity to read stories to my friends’ 3-year-old girl (she will be reading to me pretty soon!). I also relaxed and unwound with a few sessions of bodywork from some amazing healers, David and Susan Breitbach (see www.wiseworldseminars.com to learn more). And the work gets done The miraculous thing about these trips is that although I spend what seems like hours picking berries and snap peas, and hours driving, and more hours with body workers David and Susan, I always get my work done. It just doesn’t feel stressful to do it. Then I return home, fortified to take more action steps and get results that bring in more monetary income than a bowl full of berries. Do you take care of yourself? Do you give yourself a break (at least once/year on your birthday)? What gives you that prized sense of timelessness that fuels you for your action items to come? And if you don’t give yourself this gift, what are you waiting for?

Social enterprise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social enterprise - Essay Example The enterprises must ensure collaboration and implement competitive strategies that will ensure sustainability in providing high quality products and services to their stakeholders. The enterprises must remain committed to their strategies bottom lines of improving social and environmental welfare of the society. In addition, national government agencies must support their activities through favorable regulatory framework. Social enterprises aim at attaining both commercial and social goals. In this case, a social enterprise whether for-profit or non-profit organization will strive to attain social, cultural, economic and environmental outcomes through redirecting the surplus towards the pursuit of environmental and social goals (Paton 2003). The businesses range from credit unions, community centers, and companies that engage in solving societal problems such as producing renewable energy (Doherty 2008). Social enterprises can take the form of community interest company (CIC) whereby the social mission of the organisation is regulated or industrial and provident society (IPS) which is co-operative that is democratically controlled by the members for the benefit of the society (Ridley-Duff and Bull 2011). Another form is the companies limited by shares or guarantee whereby the memorandum of association outlines how the profits will be channeled towards social causes. The fourth is the group structures that have charitable status whereby companies engage in charitable activities in order to enjoy tax benefits (Doherty 2008). Unlike commercial enterprises that focus on profit maximisation, the social enterprises have limited access for debt financing and attain most of their financing from grants such as trusts and foundations (Doherty 2008). Other sources of financing include community finance from credit unions, equity finance from the

Written Assignment #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Written Assignment #2 - Essay Example Donatello’s version of David is estimated to have been created around 1440. It was a rather unique and famous statue owing to two facts; that one, it was the first unsupported bronze sculpture of the 15th century, and two, it was one of the earliest â€Å"nude† sculptures known to the Renaissance. It has the figure of a David who seems quite young, like a seventeen-year-old, wearing only a hat and some knee-height boots. The rest of his body is nude. He is holding a large sword (seemingly Goliath’s), in his right hand, and his left hand akimbo. Beneath his feet is Goliath’s head, badly severed. One of the Renaissance aspects of this work is in proportion. The Renaissance artists, focussed on realism, and that meant capturing their subjects accurately; as they appeared in nature. As is evident here, David is wholly proportional. The second aspect is texture. The body has been made smooth as should be in nature, and the hair has its texture simulated in a similar manner. The boots he is wearing also have the â€Å"leathery† appearance achieved through texture creation. The other outstanding Renaissance art feature is the capturing of fine details, such as his face in which one can see the smile on him. It displays a happy emotion. Finally, the body has been molded such that the light falling on it will create shading so some parts of David will be dark and others lighter; creating depth. Verrocchio’s David was created in bronze in the given period between 1473 and 1475. Similar to Donatello’s, it was commissioned by the Medici family for placement at the Medici Pallazo (Pallazo della Signoria). The David here is older than Donatello’s, seemingly in his early to mid-twenties. He has no hat on his head, wears a decorated battle vest, and a knee-length skirt. His hair falls freely and he is a little more muscular than Donatello’s David. The sword he holds in his right

Enterprise Resource Planning Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Enterprise Resource Planning - Article Example While there has been detailed analysis and interpretation in the forth coming sections, a few basic definitions have also been added to facilitate the study here. It is important that companies have an absolutely clear understanding regarding what is enterprise resource planning before contemplating on its implementation as the urgency to acquire results in a limited time frame most often defeat the very purpose of investing in ERP. While we are aware ERP accelerates results and speed is one of the key drivers, the faster it is implemented the quicker and better are the advantages and delivery in terms of results, however this early process has a huge hindrance, the returns are sought at a shorter period which may blind the companies to foresee long term effects. This deviation from the conventional practice is being largely implemented as far as many companies are concerned. Business process reengineering played a vital role with respect to its implementation. One needs to know the components of Enterprise resource planning beyond the definition to further the interest of ERP . The most natural outcome of this effort lead to development of gaps between the actual results and the one derived during the process of foreseeing or at planning stage. Customizing ERP without a thought through analysis, merely at the slightest requirement of various stakeholders in the organization, molding of practices followed in the company would inevitably drag the assessment of results beyond the time limits permitted to evaluate its success. Let alone the huge monetarily impact, it also damages basic customer's trust. It is also necessary to understand that mere ERP planning does not guarantee the benefit of ERP. It has to be implemented as planned project after understanding the components of enterprise resource planning. In spite of having improved the implementation issues what remains static is the manner in which companies go ahead with ERP implementation. The objectives regarding why ERP, need to be very clear to any firm that is planning to implement it. The key ones are listed in the diagram below with enhanced customer service at the top of it as increased customer service is directly proportional to additional business and growth in revenue. Why ERP 2. Enterprise Resource Planning Approach The section above briefly explains the key drivers an organization need to consider prior to using the ERP approach. It can be increasingly difficult to manage and measure effectiveness and success of the approach if it is implemented as a need of the times exercise, just for name sake without following systematic procedures. It is important to

Rate of convergence and bisection

Rate of convergence and bisection Rate of convergence estimate of the speed with which a given sequence or iteration approaches its limit, often measured by the number of terms or evaluations involved in obtaining a given accuracy. Although strictly speaking, a limit does not give information about any finite first part of the sequence, this concept is of practical importance if we deal with a sequence of successive approximations for an iterative method, as then typically fewer iterations are needed to yield a useful approximation if the rate of convergence is higher. This may even make the difference between needing ten or a million iterations. Rate of convergence is measured in terms of rate at which the relative error decreases between successive approximations. There are mainly two type of convergence: linear and quadratic. Convergence of a sequence subject to the condition, for p > 1, that as n increases is called pth-order convergence; for example, quadratic convergence when p = 2. One similarly speaks of logarithmic convergence or exponential convergence. The Bisection Method In mathematics, the bisection method is a root-finding algorithm which repeatedly bisects an interval then selects a subinterval in which a root must lie for further processing. It is a very simple and robust method, but it is also relatively slow. The bisection method is simple, robust, and straight-forward: take an interval [a, b] such that f(a) and f(b) have opposite signs, find the midpoint of [a, b], and then decide whether the root lies on [a, (a + b)/2] or [(a + b)/2, b]. Repeat until the interval is sufficiently small. The bisection method, suitable for implementation on a computer allows to find the roots of the equation f (x) = 0, based on the following theorem: Theorem: If f is continuous for x between a and b and if f (a) and f(b) have opposite signs, then there exists at least one real root of f (x) = 0 between a and b. Procedure: Suppose that a continuous function f is negative at x = a and positive at x = b, so that there is at least one real root between a and b. (As a rule, a and b may be found from a graph of f.) If we calculate f ((a +b)/2), which is the function value at the point of bisection of the interval a f ((a + b)/2) = 0, in which case (a + b)/2 is the root; f ((a + b)/2) f ((a + b)/2) > 0, in which case the root lies between a and (a + b)/2. Advantages and drawbacks of the bisection method Advantages of Bisection Method The bisection method is always convergent. Since the method brackets the root, the method is guaranteed to converge. As iterations are conducted, the interval gets halved. So one can guarantee the decrease in the error in the solution of the equation. Drawbacks of Bisection Method The convergence of bisection method is slow as it is simply based on halving the interval. If one of the initial guesses is closer to the root, it will take larger number of iterations to reach the root. If a function is such that it just touches the x-axis (Figure 3.8) such as it will be unable to find the lower guess, , and upper guess, , such that For functions where there is a singularity and it reverses sign at the singularity, bisection method may converge on the singularity (Figure 3.9). An example include and, are valid initial guesses which satisfy . However, the function is not continuous and the theorem that a root exists is also not applicable. Figure.3.8. Function has a single root at that cannot be bracketed. Figure.3.9. Function has no root but changes sign. False position method The false-position method is a modification on the bisection method. The false position method or regula falsi method is a root-finding algorithm that combines features from the bisection method and the secant method. If it is known that the root lies on [a,  b], then it is reasonable that we can approximate the function on the interval by interpolating the points (a, f(a)) and (b, f(b)).  The method of false position dates back to the ancient Egyptians. It remains an effective alternative to the bisection method for solving the equation f(x) = 0 for a real root between a and b, given that f (x) is continuous and f (a) and f(b) have opposite signs. The algorithm is suitable for automatic computation Procedure: The curve  y = f(x)  is not generally a straight line. However, one may join the points (a,f(a)) and (b,f(b)) by the straight line Thus straight line cuts the  x-axis at (X, 0) where so that Suppose that  f(a)  is negative and  f(b)  is positive. As in the bisection method, there are the three possibilities : f(X) = 0, when case  X  is the  root  ; f(X) f(X)>0, when the root lies between  X  and  a. Again, in Case  1, the process is terminated, in either Case  2  or Case  3, the process can be repeated until the root is obtained to the desired accuracy. Convergence of False Position Method and Bisection Method Source code for False Position Method: Example code of False-position method C code was written for clarity instead of efficiency. It was designed to solve the same problem as solved by the Newtons method and secant method code: to find the positive number x where cos(x) = x3. This problem is transformed into a root-finding problem of the form f(x) = cos(x) x3 = 0. #include #include double f(double x) { return cos(x) x*x*x; } double FalsiMethod(double s, double t, double e, int m) { int n,side=0; double r,fr,fs = f(s),ft = f(t); for (n = 1; n { r = (fs*t ft*s) / (fs ft); if (fabs(t-s) fr = f(r); if (fr * ft > 0) { t = r; ft = fr; if (side==-1) fs /= 2; side = -1; } else if (fs * fr > 0) { s = r; fs = fr; if (side==+1) ft /= 2; side = +1; } else break; } return r; } int main(void) { printf(%0.15fn, FalsiMethod(0, 1, 5E-15, 100)); return 0; } After running this code, the final answer is approximately 0.865474033101614 Example 1 Consider finding the root of f(x) = x2 3. Let ÃŽÂ µstep = 0.01, ÃŽÂ µabs = 0.01 and start with the interval [1, 2]. Table 1. False-position method applied to f(x)  =  x2 3. a b f(a) f(b) c f(c) Update Step Size 1.0 2.0 -2.00 1.00 1.6667 -0.2221 a = c 0.6667 1.6667 2.0 -0.2221 1.0 1.7273 -0.0164 a = c 0.0606 1.7273 2.0 -0.0164 1.0 1.7317 0.0012 a = c 0.0044 Thus, with the third iteration, we note that the last step 1.7273 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1.7317 is less than 0.01 and |f(1.7317)| Note that after three iterations of the false-position method, we have an acceptable answer (1.7317 where f(1.7317) = -0.0044) whereas with the bisection method, it took seven iterations to find a (notable less accurate) acceptable answer (1.71344 where f(1.73144) = 0.0082) Example 2 Consider finding the root of f(x) = e-x(3.2 sin(x) 0.5 cos(x)) on the interval [3, 4], this time with ÃŽÂ µstep = 0.001, ÃŽÂ µabs = 0.001. Table 2. False-position method applied to f(x)  = e-x(3.2 sin(x) 0.5 cos(x)). a b f(a) f(b) c f(c) Update Step Size 3.0 4.0 0.047127 -0.038372 3.5513 -0.023411 b = c 0.4487 3.0 3.5513 0.047127 -0.023411 3.3683 -0.0079940 b = c 0.1830 3.0 3.3683 0.047127 -0.0079940 3.3149 -0.0021548 b = c 0.0534 3.0 3.3149 0.047127 -0.0021548 3.3010 -0.00052616 b = c 0.0139 3.0 3.3010 0.047127 -0.00052616 3.2978 -0.00014453 b = c 0.0032 3.0 3.2978 0.047127 -0.00014453 3.2969 -0.000036998 b = c 0.0009 Thus, after the sixth iteration, we note that the final step, 3.2978 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 3.2969 has a size less than 0.001 and |f(3.2969)| In this case, the solution we found was not as good as the solution we found using the bisection method (f(3.2963) = 0.000034799) however, we only used six instead of eleven iterations. Source code for Bisection method #include #include #define epsilon 1e-6 main() { double g1,g2,g,v,v1,v2,dx; int found,converged,i; found=0; printf( enter the first guessn); scanf(%lf,g1); v1=g1*g1*g1-15; printf(value 1 is %lfn,v1); while (found==0) { printf(enter the second guessn); scanf(%lf,g2); v2=g2*g2*g2-15; printf( value 2 is %lfn,v2); if (v1*v2>0) {found=0;} else found=1; } printf(right guessn); i=1; while (converged==0) { printf(n iteration=%dn,i); g=(g1+g2)/2; printf(new guess is %lfn,g); v=g*g*g-15; printf(new value is%lfn,v); if (v*v1>0) { g1=g; printf(the next guess is %lfn,g); dx=(g1-g2)/g1; } else { g2=g; printf(the next guess is %lfn,g); dx=(g1-g2)/g1; } if (fabs(dx)less than epsilon {converged=1;} i=i+1; } printf(nth calculated value is %lfn,v); } Example 1 Consider finding the root of f(x) = x2 3. Let ÃŽÂ µstep = 0.01, ÃŽÂ µabs = 0.01 and start with the interval [1, 2]. Table 1. Bisection method applied to f(x)  =  x2 3. a b f(a) f(b) c  =  (a  +  b)/2 f(c) Update new b à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ a 1.0 2.0 -2.0 1.0 1.5 -0.75 a = c 0.5 1.5 2.0 -0.75 1.0 1.75 0.062 b = c 0.25 1.5 1.75 -0.75 0.0625 1.625 -0.359 a = c 0.125 1.625 1.75 -0.3594 0.0625 1.6875 -0.1523 a = c 0.0625 1.6875 1.75 -0.1523 0.0625 1.7188 -0.0457 a = c 0.0313 1.7188 1.75 -0.0457 0.0625 1.7344 0.0081 b = c 0.0156 1.71988 1.7344 -0.0457 0.0081 1.7266 -0.0189 a = c 0.0078 Thus, with the seventh iteration, we note that the final interval, [1.7266, 1.7344], has a width less than 0.01 and |f(1.7344)| Example 2 Consider finding the root of f(x) = e-x(3.2 sin(x) 0.5 cos(x)) on the interval [3, 4], this time with ÃŽÂ µstep = 0.001, ÃŽÂ µabs = 0.001. Table 1. Bisection method applied to f(x)  = e-x(3.2 sin(x) 0.5 cos(x)). a b f(a) f(b) c  =  (a  +  b)/2 f(c) Update new b à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ a 3.0 4.0 0.047127 -0.038372 3.5 -0.019757 b = c 0.5 3.0 3.5 0.047127 -0.019757 3.25 0.0058479 a = c 0.25 3.25 3.5 0.0058479 -0.019757 3.375 -0.0086808 b = c 0.125 3.25 3.375 0.0058479 -0.0086808 3.3125 -0.0018773 b = c 0.0625 3.25 3.3125 0.0058479 -0.0018773 3.2812 0.0018739 a = c 0.0313 3.2812 3.3125 0.0018739 -0.0018773 3.2968 -0.000024791 b = c 0.0156 3.2812 3.2968 0.0018739 -0.000024791 3.289 0.00091736 a = c 0.0078 3.289 3.2968 0.00091736 -0.000024791 3.2929 0.00044352 a = c 0.0039 3.2929 3.2968 0.00044352 -0.000024791 3.2948 0.00021466 a = c 0.002 3.2948 3.2968 0.00021466 -0.000024791 3.2958 0.000094077 a = c 0.001 3.2958 3.2968 0.000094077 -0.000024791 3.2963 0.000034799 a = c 0.0005 Thus, after the 11th iteration, we note that the final interval, [3.2958, 3.2968] has a width less than 0.001 and |f(3.2968)| Comparison of rate of convergence for bisection and false-position method Like the bisection method, the method of false position has almost assured convergence, and it may converge to a root faster. Finally, note that bisection is rather slow; after  n  iterations the interval containing the root is of length  (b a)/2n. However, provided values of  f  can be generated readily, as when a computer is used, the rather large number of iterations which can be involved in the application of bisection is of relatively little consequence. The false position method would be better i.e. converges to the root more rapidly as it takes into account the relative magnitudes of f(b) and f(a) unlike bisection which just uses the midpoint of a and b, where [a,b] is the interval over which the root occurs. Following is the example of the convergence rate of bisection method and false position method for the similar equation which shows that rate of convergence of false position method is faster than that of the bisection method.

The Psychological Portrait in The Yellow Wallpaper -- Yellow Wallpaper

The Psychological Portrait in The Yellow Wallpaper   Ã‚   Charlotte Perkins Gilman was famous in her time as a women's activist. Later, she began writing fiction. As noted in her Norton Anthology biography, Charlotte's stories often reveal her worldview. The Yellow Wallpaper is a short story written to combat the modus operandi for curing depression in her day. This cure consisted of being completely sequestered from any intellectual or artistic engagements. Her addendum to the story also makes clear she experienced this same treatment. Gilman's catalyst was to write a story that would serve as a social corrective. What we are left with today is a masterpiece of psychological suspense.      The story begins with our main character, a writer whose name is never given, imagining the house in which she is to spend her recuperation. In choosing to never name the narrator and main character, Gilman emphasizes the erasure of the individual that takes place within the story. She pictures the house in romantic terms, a colonial mansion or perhaps a haunted house. This romantic identification indicates an emotional person who puts a priority on the natural. Contrarily, her husband is portrayed in no uncertain terms. John is practical, has no patience with faith, and hates superstition. He is skeptical, and scoffs at anything that cannot be "...felt and seen and put down in figures"(658). Clearly, the preliminary material on these two characters sets them in sharp contrast with one another.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The narrator then privately blames her husband, who is also her physician, for her lingering illness. She suggests perhaps it is because he is a physician that she is still ill. She believes this lack of recov... ... X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 6th ed. New York: Harper Collins, 1995. 424-36. Hume, Beverly A. "Gilman's Interminable Grotesque': The Narrator of 'The Yellow Wallpaper.'" Studies in Short Fiction 28.4 (1991):477-84. Johnson, Greg. "Gilman's Gothic Allegory: Rage and Redemption in 'The Yellow Wallpaper.'" Studies in Short Fiction 26.4 (1989):521-30. King, Jeannette and Pam Morris. "On Not Reading between the Lines: Models of Reading in 'The Yellow Wallpaper.'" Studies in Short Fiction 26.1 (1989): 23-32. Owens, E. Suzanne. "The Ghostly Double behind the Wallpaper in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's 'The Yellow Wallpaper.'" Haunting the House of Fiction. Ed. Lynette Carpenter and Wendy K. Kolmar. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, 1991 64-79. Scharnhorst, Gary. "'The Yellow Wallpaper.'" Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Boston: Twayne, 1985. 15-20.