The Thirteenth Amendment and Jim Crow Laws

The Thirteenth Amendment and Jim Crow Laws Free Online Research Papers After the Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery in America, racial discrimination became regulated by the so called Jim Crow laws, which mandated strict segregation of the races. Though such laws were instituted shortly after fighting ended in many cases, they only became formalized after the end of Republican-enforced Reconstruction in the 1870s and 80s during a period known as the nadir of American race relations. This legalized segregation lasted up to the mid-1960s, primarily through the deep and extensive power of Southern Democrats. Chief justice Warren needed to convince the other justices that unanimous decision would hold stronger in the public eye. He had to bring the nation together and not make the desegregation issue about the south against the north. This would publicly be a major setback for the nation. Justices court in the Plessey v Ferguson case of 1896 was obsolete. The omission of remedy was a smart decision made by Justice Warren because it falls under an essent ial rhetorical situation. In the Brown case the rhetorical strategy of omission of remedy was used by Justice Warren to gain unanimity among the justices of the Supreme Court, by declaring segregation unconstitutional and not attaching a solution to it. This strategy would buy the courts time and help persuade the public schools hence forth the remedy issue would be addressed at a later time, gaining a unanimous decision among the justices. Before writing the Brown opinion Chief Justice took a few things under consideration in order to put together an opinion which would persuade his audience. The First step was accepting the cases. The NAACP was putting pressure on the courts to address the issue of desegregation. The supreme courts image and credibility was at stake, if it kept avoiding this issue. By consolidating South Carolina, Kansas and Virginia, Bolling v Sharpe and the Delaware case, and making Brown the first case, this would draw less attention to the southern Region of the country. The Brown case would be a National problem not a southern one. The Rhetorical consideration in the Brown case was to have the Supreme Court make a unanimous decision. A unanimous decision is thought to convey the message more forcefully than split decisions. Even though Chief Justice Warren made his position clear at the conference in December of 1953, he did not allow a vote to be taken for fear of dividing the court. A lot of discussions of the case continued until a vote was finally taken. â€Å"During this time, Chief Justice bargained, wheedled and cajoled until the most important members of his audience, Justice Clark, Reed, Frankfurter and Jackson were all convinced to join in a single unanimous opinion (Prentice, 109).† Unanimity was ultimately reached in Brown I. After Chief Justice Vinson’s last term there was eighty percent dissension in most desegregation cases. When Chief Justice Warren took over he made it clear he supported the end of the separate but equal doctrine. Lastly is choosing the author. A rhetorical ploy in the Brown case was to choose an author to write the opinion of the Supreme Court. Choosing a southern justice would not have a persuasive impact among the courts as well as the public. Chief Justice Warren felt that he should write it to bring the biggest impact. It would also bring a serious persuasive atmosphere to the decision of the court. The rhetorical strategy of Unanimity was also used in the Supreme Court in the Brown v. Board decision according to Prentice. Chief Justice Earl Warren wanted to make sure all nine justices agreed on the issue. By having all nine justices agree on their decision, this showed a concrete and â€Å"forceful† decision that would be enforced and changed immediately. If there was a dissenting opinion, there would be a group of rebels who would use the opinion as support only causing more chaos and possible harm on America. Warren did not wanted a divided court, because this would weaken the court’s decision in the public’s eye. By the court standing as unanimous, it made the public feel as if the whole country was behind the decision. Prentice believes this was a rhetorical strategy used by the court, because it’s a technique that court uses when they feel the institution is â€Å"threatened.† The Chief Justice opinion addressed all and affected everyone who would partake in the American school system. According to Prentice, the court used rhetorical strategy by making sure Chief Justice Warren wrote one concrete opinion. If the court chose a justice that was from a certain part of the country, for example, the rest of the country, especially those in favor of segregation would feel that this was a decision based solely on the opinion of a certain demographic population of the country. The Chief Justice stands as an authoritative figure in the Supreme Court thus creating one opinion in order to show the national public that this case was extremely important and the decision was not open for interpretation. The omission of remedy was a rhetorical technique used in choosing the author as well. The court needed to show indirectly that they needed to correct the bad without losing credibility or overruling past precedents. Another reason why the omission of remedy is a rhetorical situation is the writing of the Brown opinion. Chief Justice had to make sure he was persuasive enough to convince not only the other Justices, but the Court and the community that this case affected. Chief Justice Warren made the opinion of the Court short and sweet for precise reasoning. First reason was to make it clear to the public, no distortion in the decision of the Court. The second he did not include opinionated language which would incite the public. It was short, non-rhetorical, unemotional, and non-accusatory. Justices wanted to fix the problem without accusing anyone of fault. â€Å"Mr. Chief Justice Warren delivered the opinion of the Court. These cases were decided on May 17, 1954. The opinions of that date, declaring the fundamental principle that racial discrimination in public education is unconstitutional (Prentice 111).† The brown opinion contained very little in the way of factual development. Chief Justice Warren considered the possibility that the opinion would be more persuasive if it contained a detailed litany of the sordid mistreatment accorded blacks over the years, coupled with a detailed factual indictment of the failure of the â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine to bring about anything even approaching actual equality between white and black schools. Chief justice Warren apparently concluded that such language would serve primarily to persuade those who already were in agreement with the decision. Those who supported segregation likely would not have changed their minds upon hearing such language, but instead might have reacted even more adversely to an opinion which added insult to injury. Another factor that stood as support to show rhetorical situation in the omission of remedy was the conciseness. Chief Justice Warren created this opinion in a â€Å"KISS† format, keep it short and simple. By doing this, there left no room for the public to interpret his message thus stirring up controversy. The language used in the opinion was ideas as well in that the wording was revised in order to avoid showing a bias as well as showing how the Supreme Court made their decision and what major grounds they made it on. The audience of this decision was a very large number that ranged in various levels of intelligence which made the author of the piece describe the decision in the easiest and most understanding format. This way of writing avoided any media influence on the piece that would misunderstand the objective of it and sway the public’s reaction. Chief Justice Warren also wanted to avoid showing all the hardships of African-American’s, because only th e people in favor of the decision would agree with it. The court’s objective was to alert the public in the new changes that stood before them in the easiest way of understanding with the most minimal way to misinterpret. In summary the brown v board of education case shows how law plays an important role in the Supreme Court’s decisions. It shows how important it was to have the right justice deliver the opinion of the court, which would create the greatest impact. How to keep the decision short and sweet so as not to incite, blame, or distort the issue. It explained how detrimental segregation could be to a certain race, whether mentally, socially or psychologically. In class all the article we read about rhetorical devices or strategies would agree with prentice that rhetoric is a persuasive device. In short rhetoric is sometimes more important than facts. Also the Prentice article on the rhetorical strategies used in the American Court room stands as a guide for the future Supreme Court justices in that it shows how many little factors influence and stand as building blocks in a very controversial and ultimate life changing decision. The American education system stands as a very strong and firm system due to the Brown v. Board of Education case and shows the American people that rhetorical strategies are used every day in professional settings in order to convince the audience it is addressing. The Brown v. Board case serves as one of the most historical and societal precedents in American history today. Prentice showed that Chief Justice Warren’s omission of remedy was a rhetorical situation. Prentice, Robert;† Supreme Court Rhetoric†- Part III (Pages 102- 122) Research Papers on The Thirteenth Amendment and Jim Crow LawsCapital Punishment19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoPETSTEL analysis of IndiaBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesQuebec and CanadaWhere Wild and West MeetThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Sustainable Works Reflection Prompt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sustainable Works Reflection Prompt - Essay Example The ethics of this program is to sensitize every individual to take good care of their environment, making it a better place than they found it. It aims at instilling a sense of responsibility, which is crucial for the survival of every human being. When we accustom ourselves to doing such kind acts as ensuring good waste disposal, conserving energy that is not in use, and increasing the forest cover, I think we shall be preparing a green world for generations to come. This program anchors on the philosophy of moral ethics for the betterment of the society in general. The program has a strong correlation with the philosophy theories that I was learning and debating together with my classmates in that, both gear their principles towards persuading the human mind into accepting and practicing certain beliefs, opinions and ideas. While philosophy communicates to us the opinions, ideas, and beliefs of scholars and great thinkers, sustainable works program imparts on us great ideas that c an enable us live harmoniously with our environment. I strongly believe that philosophy study refines our intelligence and boosts our intellectual growth, but we cannot be intellectuals who do very little about their immediate environment. At this particular point, I must admit that the decision I made to join the sustainable works program really transformed my philosophical perception, especially in matters dealing with the environment. Before joining the program, I used to think that the role of environmental protection and sustainable growth solely rested on governments and concerned institutions. Philosophically, I now accord the environment the same essence that I accord human beings. I view human beings, plants, and animals as valuable creatures that deserve the same level of gratification and protection. In my view, any undertaking of sustainable work should not favor the thriving of some these creatures while at the same time, having adverse effect on others. This, I believe , goes against the moral responsibilities of philosophy. Politically, sustainable works program has challenged my inclination and adherence to the environmental sustainability acts and policies. When it comes to the emotional aspect, my compassion for sustainable growth and development has flared, owing to the close association and relationship I now have with the ecosystem. Succinctly, my overall perception of the environment has changed. While undertaking the program, I noticed some of my colleagues with whom we were in the same group react in a manner that suggested that the subject t matter, that is the Sustainable work program, astounded them. This was especially so because most of them were culprits whose activities were counterproductive to environmental sustainability. I think all of us were enthusiastic and a bit nervous because as philosophy students, we studied, and inculcated the thoughts, opinions, ideas, beliefs of great thinkers but one thing we were forgetting was th e ideas, and opinions of those passion were environmentally oriented. I regrettably consider this as an appreciable oversight that is worth noting. Sustainable works program entails several aspects, some of which may be fascinating, especially for first time learners. Nevertheless, one thing I found interesting was the issue of sustainable waste management. Virtually all activities of human endeavors generate wastes, some of which m

E-commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

E-commerce - Essay Example The E-commerce revolution has surged forward with applications appearing in the airline industry as equitable with fast and easy modern technology service in the new age. This scientific protocol allows the industry to communicate internally with suppliers and partners and with their customers. Plagued with a series of economic downturns and fierce competition and global critical issues, the airline industry had no other recourse but to adjust and adapt itself to the current business scenario than remain covered in dust as other competitors fly by. Although most airlines were reluctant to engage strategically in electronic commerce giving justification to their highly exceptional personalized service, the Paris Crash in 2000 and the September 11, 2001 downfall made every international flag carrier cringed at the thought of closing its doors forever and were instead forced to lunge for drastic measures to regain its earning equilibrium. Bigger airline industries brainstormed their ma rketing specialists while directors hold close door meetings in the effort to address the problems besieging the entire future of everyone associated with the business. Small players beyond 2003 were still struggling to keep up with the prevailing market scene but bigger players had adjusted faster but then again faced with the critical issue of mass employee lay-off for most of its workers affected by the online economic measures. However the e-business held promises to lower the operating costs of these sectors as well as connections to the wider world in a matter of seconds. Flag carriers like British Airways, KLM, Cathay Pacific, Qantas, American Airlines and Singapore Airlines responded by installing e-commerce platforms as the robust channel for business. The Paris Crash in 2000 and the 9/11 terrorist attacks the following year, coupled by fluctuating maintenance costs, and the future of Concorde was limited despite the expensive modifications after the crash.

Disneyland and history of it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Disneyland and history of it - Essay Example Ultimately, rather than merely being an entertaining environment for families to spend leisure time, Disneyland was intended to be something of a historical/cultural interpretation of America, the American dream, the American past, the American future, and the American president. Through such a delineation and discussion of these different time frames and interpretations, it was Walt Disney’s distinct hope that Disneyland could be representative and indicative of the way in which individuals understood the country in which they live or indeed the country in which they visited. As a function of understanding this particular dynamic, the following analysis will be concentric upon discussing the way in which Disneyland was representative of the United States, its experience, culture, and potential future, as well as discussing whether or not this representation was merely imaginatively fanciful or in fact was effective and ultimately represented a realistic/crude interpretation o f life. Moreover, a unique discussion of what defined American greatness, at least with respect to Walt Disney himself, will also be engaged. ... However, within this â€Å"Main Street USA†, Walt Disney represented a close-knit community that, although exhibiting a level of development and modernity that reflected the era in which it represented, nonetheless had a very small town feel and emphasize the importance of community interaction above many other aspects. Yet, rather than representing Disneyland as something that was entirely concentric upon an idealized nation of Midwestern life, Walt Disney also created another identification of the United States with respect to what was termed as â€Å"Adventureland†. This particular representation was unique in that it represented the global reach and power that the United States was able to impact upon the world. A psychological or sociological analysis of this particular representation might lend the reader to assume that an element of colonize Asian or empire building was contingent upon Walt Disney’s personal interpretation of what made the United States gr eat. In short, â€Å"Adventureland† represented a Caribbean or Asian complement of the United States; indicative of territories that the United States held overseas as a result of both the Spanish-American war and the second world war. Naturally, and identification of Hawaii and the global reach of the United States, as well as the interaction between different cultures that represented the United States, was also part and parcel of this particular representation. Interestingly, â€Å"Adventureland† is one of the only interpretations the United States the Walt Disney made which emphasized cultural diversity. Whereas Walt Disney was continually criticized for representing only a handful of African-American employees at Disneyland, first opened in the early 1950s, this representation of a

Needless Boundaries in Frosts Mending Wall Essay -- Frost Mending Wa

Needless Boundaries in Frost's Mending Wall As long as man has existed, territories and boundaries have been a part of life. Everyone finds a need to have a part of this earth that he can call his own. As soon as one finds his own space, he begins to set boundaries sometimes in the form of walls or fences. This creation of a wall raises the question with the poet, Robert Frost, as to what they are â€Å"walling in or walling out.† In his poem â€Å"Mending Wall,† Frost as the narrator participates in the repairing of a wall that he finds little purpose in. Frost suggests that besides himself there is â€Å"something† mysterious that doesn’t like walls. For example, the frozen ground swells to make gaps big enough to walk through and hunters with their dogs perhaps hav...

How Birds Fly

The Flight Physiology of a Bird When a bird lifts off, it uses mass amounts of energy. This energy continues throughout the time the bird is in the air, but they are able to expend so much energy because of their natural diet. The food birds eat contains high energy proteins and carbohydrates. Birds are also equipped with hollow, lightweight bones that make it easier for them to stay in the air. Their feathers are light and positioned in a way that allows them to catch wind for greater lift.One additional perk birds have is their lung capacity, which allows for great reserves of oxygen that keep them from tiring during flight. Gliding and Lift Birds glide in the air in much the same way planes do. As they propel themselves through the air they also stretch their wings out and allow the moving air to flow over them. As they do this, their wings are pushing down on the air around them.Newton's third law of motion, which states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite react ion, comes into play here, meaning that as the bird puts pressure on the air, there is also pressure being put on the bird by the air. In this case it is pressure on the underside of the wing that lifts the bird in the air. This is the principle physics behind lift. Hinged Wings and Propulsion Birds have specialized wings that allow them to fly. First, they are slightly curved on the top, due both to bone structure and feathers.Air travels faster over the curve on top of the bird's wing than it does along the bottom. This makes the pressure under the wing higher, which puts more lift on the bird. In order to propel itself through the air, it takes advantage of its hinged wing. When the bird brings its wings down, they are straight and flat and at a slight angle that will propel the bird through the air. When the bird lifts its wings back up, though, it folds them in so they exert less pressure on the air. That keeps them from slowing down. All of these aspects combine to allow a bir d to successfully fly.

What Was Revolutionary About the French Revolution

What was revolutionary about the French Revolution? Since the beginning of history itself, several and numerous people, inventions, ideologies or behaviours were immediately attached to a particular and self-explanatory concept such as revolutionary. As the time goes by its outreaching characteristics and meaning remains the same. A revolutionary is an individual who either actively participates in or advocates revolution. When used as an adjective, the term revolutionary refers to something that has a major, abrupt impact on society or on some aspect of human endeavour. The tern – both as a noun and adjective – is usually applied to the field of politics and is occasionally used in the context of science, invention or art. [1]†¦show more content†¦As for Louis XVI, he was largely excluded from the process of national restoration and it symbolized one of the revolution’s most striking achievements: the transfer of sovereignty from the king to the National Assembly.[6] As calm was being restored in Paris, information regarding rural revolution began to reach the city. The peasantry proved itself to be much more persistent and determined than the revolutionary politicians and by July 1793 had won a complete victory as seigneurialism and tithes disappeared from the French countryside forever. The night of 4th of August was considered essential for the upcoming path of reform in a way that it removed the particularist obstacles and corporate mentality that had so often impeded the monarchy. Nevertheless, it was the Declaration of the rights of man, adopted by the National Assembly on 26 of August, which most clearly indicated the new philosophy of government. Written by Lafayette, the Declaration was a manifesto for liberal revolution. Men were assured equal in rights and such fundamental values as freedom of speech and of the press, religious toleration, equality before the law, freedom from arbitrary arrest and open competition for public office, decreed in a series of imposing articles. No less imperative was the claim that sovereignty belongs to the nation, ideology that justified everything accomplished afterwards.[7] Jointly, the night of the 4thShow MoreRelatedThe French Revolution Of France1365 Words   |  6 PagesModern historians frequently write that the French Revolution was designed to destroy the Old Regime of France. Though the French Revolution did destroy this regime, its leaders’ ultimate goal was to obliterate the Catholic Church in France and the faithful within it. Before the beginning of the revolution, France had the most widespread culture in the entire world. 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